The 1869 constitution made education free, mandatory, and tax
supported. Costa Rica was one of the first nations in the world to make this
provision. The education system of Costa Rica is similar to systems in other
parts of Latin America. Typically, preschool consists of two years; primary
school, six years; secondary school, five or six years. The academic year
begins on the first Monday in March and concludes on the last Saturday in
November. Classes meet six days a week for a total of 36 weeks or 210 days of
instruction, and Spanish is the language of instruction.
Dr. Angel Calderon Guardia, an education reformer, was president
of Costa Rica in 1940 when the University of Costa Rica was created under Law
number 362. The constitution of 1949 had 13 sections pertaining to Education,
including that a primary education of six years is mandatory, both primary and
secondary education is free and funded by the government, and university
education is supported by scholarships for needy students. The constitution
also mandates that the government is responsible for providing needy students
at all levels in the education system with food and clothing. The government is
also mandated to provide adult education in order to eliminate illiteracy.
The Universidad Nacional was created by the General Assembly in
January 1973 through the issuance of plan 5182 during the administration of
President Jose Figueres Ferrer. This law mandated that the Escuela Normal de
Costa Rica and the Escuela Normal Superior merge to form a new university.
Costa Rica
- Preprimary & Primary Education
The government placed a priority on primary education, so few
preprimary programs are available. The largest number of preprimary programs
are found in the capital city of San Jose. Children from the ages of two
through six are enrolled in instructional programs, and two meals a day are
provided. Preprimary educational curriculum consists of instruction in arts,
crafts, music, and language development.
Children enter school at the age of six years and six months. The
academic year begins in March. Based on special testing or attendance at
preschool programs, age requirements may be waived by three months. Currently,
525,273 children attend kindergarten to sixth grade in 3,671 primary schools.
Current figures indicate that 96 percent of school-age children are enrolled in
primary schools. In rural schools, only 50 percent of enrolled students might
attend on any given day because attendance depends on whether or not the
students are needed at home to work for their families.
Students receive a certificate called a "Conclusion of
Cycle" after grades three and six. The grading scale for the standardized
tests is based on a scale from 0 to 100 percent. Students must score at least
65 percent for a minimum, passing grade. The Ministeriod
de Educacion (Ministry of
Education), establishes the contents of the exam. Students must pass
standardized Ministry of Education tests in fifth, ninth, and eleventh grades
to receive a high school diploma.
The number of students enrolled in elementary schooling increased
dramatically within the two decades after the 1948 revolution. In 1950, 66.5
percent of school age children were enrolled in primary education. That number
rose to 92.6 percent by 1960, and 100 percent by 1970.
Although the primary language in Costa Rica is Spanish, daily
English lessons are offered to most students beginning in preschool. By high
school, most students take English language lessons for 80 minutes a day.
School classes, however, are taught in Spanish.
Since 1972, under executive directive 3333E of the National Plan
for Educational Development, students are given mandatory education for nine
years, consisting of three cycles of three years each. This education is
compulsory and funded by the government. The first two cycles correspond to
primary education in the United States, and a certificate is awarded on
completion. The third cycle corresponds to the junior high school years of
secondary education in the United States.
Costa Rica
- Secondary Education
The first modern secondary school was opened in San Jose in 1887.
Those pursuing university educations before the end of World War II had, on the
whole, achieved a secondary education. The secondary education program was
restructured into two cycles by 1964. During the first three years, all
students take course work in Spanish, social studies, mathematics, science,
music, and religion. The next cycle is comprised of two or three years of
study. Students can take two additional years of courses in the humanities or
sciences, or they can take a three-year professional program in agriculture,
industrial arts, or office skills.
Education through eleventh grade is mandatory, but only 47 percent
of age-appropriate children attend. Currently, 220,151 secondary students
attend 342 high schools. The percentage of students at the secondary level in
1970 was 23.7 percent, which increased to 40 percent by 1980, far above the
average for Latin America.
The exams had been discontinued for 15 years, but Minister
Francisco Pacheco reinstated them in 1988. The cost to administer the exams was
a big part of the total educational budget. In 1991, 33.7 percent of students
taking secondary school exams failed the math exams; 4.4 percent failed
science; 5.9 percent failed Spanish; and 4.5 percent failed social studies.
Since students must pass all parts of the exam, 48.3 percent of the students
failed the exam and could not go to college. In remote regions like Guapiles
and Liberia, 62.3 percent do not pass the exams and 56.4 percent do not
graduate.
The cost of sending two children to attend colegion is about 1000 colones or US$5.00 a day, which is 25 percent
of the average family income. There are more boys than girls in the upper
grades. Education for girls is not considered necessary. Many girls take care
of younger children in their families, especially in rural areas. Even if they
do not drop out of school, girls have many household and childcare responsibilities
that interfere with their studies.
Costa Rica - Higher Education
Higher educational institutions in Costa Rica fall into several
categories: state universities, private universities, and parauniversities,
both state and private. In the category of state institutions there are four
primary universities: the University of Costa Rica, established in 1940, with
its central campus in San Jose and regional campuses in Guanacaste, San Ramon,
Turrialba, and Limon; the National University, established in 1973, with a
central campus in Heredia and regional campuses in Perez, Zeledon, and Liberia;
and the State University at Distance, distance education established in 1977
with a central campus in San Jose and 31 satellite branches. There is also the
Technical Institute of San Jose, established in 1973.
Public universities were expanded in the 1970s, and private
universities were increased in the 1980s. Public universities traditionally
defined their role as offering liberal arts education to future professionals,
while private universities emphasized technical training. The public higher
education system began in 1940 with the founding of the University of Costa
Rica (UCR). This marked a shift away from a monopoly by a small oligarchy of
elites in higher education. The remaining three public universities were
founded in the 1970s: the Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica in 1973, the
Universidad Nacional in 1973, and the Universidad Estatal de Distancia in 1977.
The University of Costa Rica started in 1941 with 8 small schools,
a few professors, and 700 students. The first public alternative to the
University of Costa Rica, the Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica (ITCR), was
opened in 1973 with an orientation in science and technology.
Applicants to the University of Costa Rica and the Technological
Institute of Costa Rica are required to pass an entrance exam. Some fields have
additional special requirements. The National University and the State
University at Distance have an open admissions policy. The University of Costa
Rica, created by law in 1940, had increases in enrollments by 58 percent from
1960 to 1966. Enrollments increased again by 109 percent from 1966 to 1969. The
university system grew from a population of 12,913 students in 1970 to 44,818
students in 1979. In the 1970s, the expansion of higher education in Costa Rica
increased student populations from 9 out of 100 age-appropriate students in
1970 to 25 out of 100 by 1980. The student population grew three times as
rapidly as the total population.
More than 50 percent of high school graduates, particularly from
rural areas, cannot enter the university. The University of Costa Rica limited
its student population to 18,000. Only 8 percent of the students at the
University of Costa Rica come from working class and peasant backgrounds. The
University of Costa Rica has more upper-class students than the university
system as a whole. The University of Costa Rica is 29 percent upper class, 54
percent middle class, and 17 percent lower class. At the ITCR, 8 percent of
students are higher class, 63 percent middle class, and 29 percent lower class.
The University of Costa Rica went from a single campus in San Jose
to a multi-campus system. Distance learning, using the British Open University
model, was instituted. The teacher-training college, normal superior located in
Heredia, was upgraded to the Universidad Nacional. The National Library was
established in 1888.
Ninety-three percent of the students at the University of Costa
Rica come from Central America and 77 percent of university students are male.
The University of Costa Rica is the newest national university in Central
America. It opened with eight schools: agriculture, fine arts, sciences, law,
pharmacology, philosophy, engineering, and education. The School of Dentistry
opened in 1942, the School of Economics in 1943, and the School of Medicine in
1960. In the last two decades, a school of sciences and letters, a laboratory,
and library facilities have been added. The central campus is located in San
Jose. Students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 with a minimum of 7 on the
scale being the requirement to pass a course.
A rector presides over the university. Rectors are elected every
three years and may be reelected by the University Assembly, which is comprised
of directors of departments, as well as professors and members of national
professional and student associations. The governing board of the university is
the University Council, which consists of the rector and vice rectors, the
minister of education, the deans, and two student representatives. This group
approves curriculum, budgets, and university policies. Professors within the
school, as well as the student representatives, elect the deans.
Academic rank is divided into five categories. The lowest rank is
instructor, followed by assistant professors (profesor adjunto),
associate professors (profesor asociade), and full professors (catedratico).
Promotion through the ranks is based on degrees, publications, and length of
service. Tenure can be earned after three years; fifteen years of employment
are required to meet the rank of full professor. Not all faculty members have
earned doctoral or terminal degrees and hiring part-time faculty is common.
Most faculty research is conducted only when funds are acquired from
international organizations.
Many students leave the university before acquiring their degrees,
most often citing the need to gain employment. Only 5 percent of the students
earn their degrees after the required five or six years of study. Current
student enrollment exceeds 30,000 enrollees. Some students have trouble
registering for required classes. In 1967, the university student association
demonstrated for a larger school budget in front of the presidential palace and
the legislative assembly.
The Structure of the Educational System in
Costa Rica
Costa Rica is recognized in Latin America for the quality of its
educational system. The structure of the Costa Rican educational
system has provided Costa Rica with one of the highest literacy rates in Latin
America.
1. Pre-School Education.The pre-school education in Costa
Rica accepts children between the ages of 5 years 6 months upt 6 years and 6
months.
2. General Basic Education.The General Basic
Education is mandatory and free for all children without restrictions. To begin
the student must be at least 6 years and 6 months old. Costa Rica divides this
education into Cycles, from I to IV. Cycle I encompasses grades 1-4. Cycle II
are grades 5 and 6. Cycle III are grades 7-9 and Cycle IV is grades 10-12. At
the end of cycles I and II the child will receive a diploma for the conclusion
of Elementary Education. The children then move to the Cycle III, which is the
equivalent of High School, where they must complete Cylces III and IV in order
to receive their Secondary Education diploma.
3. Mandatory Testing. The Costa Rica Ministry of Education requires testing of all students
(private and public schools) during the final year of high school. The students
must pass these exams in order to get their high shcool graduation
diploma. The Final Exams known as Pruebas de Bachillerato, to earn the
High School diploma (Bachillerato) centers on Math, Social Studies, Spanish, English, French, Biology and
Civics.
4. University Education.In order to be admitted to a Costa Rican University, the applicant must
have a high school degree (Bachillerato) recognized by the Ministry of
Education. Costa Rica has four public universities: The University of Costa Rica(Universidad de Costa Rica), located in the capital city of San José,
was established in 1941.
The National University (Universidad Nacional) located
in the city of Heredia was established in 1973.
Costa Rica Technological Institute (Tecnólogico
de Costa Rica). The main campus is located in the city of Cartago and was
established in 1971.
UNED (Universidad Estatal a Distancia). The main
campus is located in the city of San José and was established in 1977. In
addition to the public universities, Costa Rica has more than 65 private
universities.
There are also the following specialized Universities:
A. The University for Peace (Universidad
de La Paz). This university was established in 1980 by a mandate of the United
Nations. The Foundation Charter indicates that it was founded ‘to contribute to
the great universal task of educating for peace by engaging in teaching,
research, post-graduate training and dissemination of knowledge fundamental to
the full development of the human person and societies through the
interdisciplinary study of all matters related to peace.
B. EARTH (Escuela de Agricultura de la Region Tropical Humeda) ,
located in Guácimo, Limón, Costa Rica is a private, international, non-profit
university dedicated to education in the agricultural sciences and natural
resources in order to contribute to sustainable development in the tropics by
seeking a balance between agricultural production and environmental
preservation.
C. INCAE Business School INCAE
describes itself as a “a private, non-profit, multinational, higher-education
organization devoted to teaching and research endeavors in the fields of
business and economics aimed at training and instructing, from a worldwide
perspective, individuals capable of successfully holding top management
positions in Latin America.
Grading System in Costa Rica
Grade
|
Scale
|
Scale 2
|
Grade Description
|
US Grade
|
S
|
9.00 - 10.00
|
90.00 - 100.00
|
Sobreasaliente (Outstanding)
|
A
|
N
|
8.00 - 8.99
|
80.00 - 89.99
|
Notable (Good)
|
B
|
Suf
|
7.00 - 7.99
|
70.00 - 79.99
|
Suficiente (Sufficient)
|
C
|
I
|
0.00 - 6.99
|
0.00 - 69.99
|
Insuficiente (Insufficient)
|
F
|
